TUGAS
BAHASA INGGRIS BISNIS 2 (SOFTSKILL)
STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN (2 SKILLS TOEFL)
SKILL 3 AND SKILL 5
Nama
: Anita
NPM : 21213091
Kelas : 3EB26
Jurusan : Akuntansi
Matakuliah : Bahasa Indonesia 2 # (softskill)
UNIVERSITAS GUNADARMA
2016
STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN
The second section of the TOEFL test
is the Structure and Written Expression section. This section consists of forty
questions (some tests may be longer). You have twenty-five minutes to complete
the forty questions in this section. There are two types of questions in the
Structure and Written Expression section of the TOEFL test:
1. Structure (questions 1-15) consists
of fifteen sentences in which part of the sen-tence has been replaced with a
blank. Each sentence is followed by four answer choices. You must choose the
answer that completes the sentence in a grammatically correct way.
2. Written Expression (questions
16-40) consists of twenty-five sentences in which four words or groups of words
have been underlined. You must choose the underlined word or group of words
that is not correct.
SKILL 3: BE CAREFUL OF APPOSITIVES
Appositives
can cause confusion in the Structure section of the TOEFL test because an
appositive can be mistaken for the subject of a sentence. An appositive is a
noun that comes before or after another noun and has the same meaning.
Sally,
the best student in
the class, got an A on the exam.
In this
example Sally is the subject of the sentence and the best student in
the class can easily be recognized as an appositive phrase because of the
noun student and because of the commas. The sentence says that Sally
and the best student in the class are the same person. Note that if you
leave out the appositive phrase, the sentence still makes sense
(Sally got an A on the exam).
The
following example shows how an appositive can be confused with the subject of a
sentence in the Structure section of the TOEFL test.
Example I
____, George, is attending
the lecture.
(A) Right
now
(B) Happily
(C) Because
of the time
(D) My
friend
In this
example you should recognize from the commas that George is not the
subject of the sentence. George is an appositive. Because this sentence
still needs a subject, the best answer is (D), my friend. Answers (A),
(B), and (C) are incorrect because they are not subjects.
The
next example shows that an appositive does not always come after the subject;
an appositive can also come at the beginning of the sentence.
Example II
____, Sarah rarely misses her
basketball shots.
(A) An
excellent basketball player
(B) An
excellent basketball player is
(C) Sarah
is an excellent basketball player
(D) Her
excellent basketball play
In this
example you can tell that Sarah is the subject and misses is the
verb because there is no comma separating them. In the space you should put an
appositive for Sarah, and Sarah is an excellent basketball player, so
answer (A) is the best answer. Answers (B) and (C) are not correct because
they each contain the verb is, and an appositive does not need a verb.
Answer (D) contains a noun, play, that could possibly be an appositive,
but play is not the same as Sarah, so this answer is not correct.
The
following chart outlines the key information that you should remember about
appositives :
APPOSITIVES
An
appositive is a noun that comes before or after another noun and is generally
set off from the noun with commas. If a word is an appositive, it is not the
subject. The following appositive structures are both possible in English.
|
S
|
APP,
|
|
V
|
|
Tom,
|
a
really good mechanic,
|
is fixing the car.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
APP,
|
S
|
V
|
|
A
really good mechanic, Tom
|
is fixing the car.
|
||
SKILL
5: BE CAREFUL OF PAST PARTICIPLES
Past
participles can cause confusion in the Structure section of the TOEFL test
because a past participle can be either an adjective or a part of a verb. The
past participle is the form of the verb that appears with have or be.
It often ends in - ed, but there are also many irregular past
participles in English. (See Appendix F for a list of irregular past
participles.)
The
family has purchased a television.
VERB
The
poem was written by Paul.
VERB
In the
first sentence the past participle purchased is part of the verb because
it is accompanied by has. In the second sentence the past participle
written is part of the verb because it is accompanied by was.
A past participle is an adjective when it is not
accompanied by some form of be or have.
The
television purchased yesterday was expensive.
ADJECTIVE
The
poem written by Paul appeared in the magazine.
ADJECTIVE
In
the first sentence purchased is an adjective rather than a verb because
it is not accompanied by a form of be or have (and there is a
verb, was, later in the sentence). In the second sentence written
is an adjective rather than a verb because it is not accompanied by a form of be
or have (and there is a verb, appeared, later in the sentence).
The following example shows how a past participle can be
confused with the verb in the structure section of the TOEFL test.
Example
The packages____ mailed at
the post office will arrive Monday.
(A) have
(B) were
(C) them
(D) just
In this
example, if you look only at the first few words of the sentence, it appears
that packages is the subject and mailed is either a complete verb
or a past participle that needs a helping verb. But if you look further
in the sentence, you will see that the verb is will arrive. You
will then recognize that mailed is a participial adjective and is
therefore not part of the verb. Answers (A) and (B) are incorrect
because mailed is an adjective and does not need a helping verb such as have
or were. Answer (C) is incorrect because there is no need for the object
them. Answer (D) is the best answer to this question.
The following chart outlines what you should remember
about past participles:
PAST PARTICI PLE
A past participle often ends in -ed but there are also
many irregular past participle. For many verbs, including -ed verbs, the simple
past and the past participle are the same and can be easily confused. The -ed
form of the verb can be (1) the simple past, (2) the past participle of a verb,
or
(3) an
adjective.
1.
She painted this picture,
2. She
has painted this picture.
3. The
picture painted by Karen in now in a museum.
CONTOH SOAL STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN
1. _____ the demands of
aerospace, medicine, and agriculture, aengineers, are creating exotic new
metallic substances.
(A) Meet
(B) Being met are
(C) To meet
(D) They are meeting
(A) Meet
(B) Being met are
(C) To meet
(D) They are meeting
2. _______ James A. Bland,
“Carry Me Back to Old Virginny” was adopted is the state song of Virginia in
1940.
(A) Was written b
(B) His writing was
(C) He wrote the
(D) Written by
(A) Was written b
(B) His writing was
(C) He wrote the
(D) Written by
3. Mary Garden, ______ the
early 1900’s was considered one of the best singing actresses of her time.
(A) a soprano was popular
(B) in a popular soprano
(C) was a popular soprano
(D) a popular soprano in
(A) a soprano was popular
(B) in a popular soprano
(C) was a popular soprano
(D) a popular soprano in
4. In the realm of
psychological theory Margaret F. Washburn was a dualist _____ that motor
phenomena have an essential role in psychology.
(A) who she believed
(B) who believed
(C) believed
(D) who did she believe
(A) who she believed
(B) who believed
(C) believed
(D) who did she believe
A. Contoh
Soal TOEFL Written Expression
16. On Ellesmere Island in
the Arctic one fossil forest consist of a nearly hundred
A B
large stumps scattered on an exposed coal bed.
C D
A B
large stumps scattered on an exposed coal bed.
C D
17. The surface conditions on the planet Mars are the more like the Earth’s than are
A B C
those of any other planet in the solar system.
D
A B C
those of any other planet in the solar system.
D
18. The midnight sun is a phenomenon in which the Sun visible remains in the
sky
A B C
for twenty-four hours or longer.
D
A B C
for twenty-four hours or longer.
D
19. The Humber River and its valley form a major salmon-fishing, lumbering, hunting,
A B C
and farmer region in western Newfoundland, Canada.
D
A B C
and farmer region in western Newfoundland, Canada.
D
Pembahasan
Soal dan Jawaban
A. Structure
1. Jawab : (C) To meet
Keyword : the demands of aerospace
Pembahasan : Pola infinitive phrase: to infinitive + object of to infinitive
Kalimat tersebut menyatakan tujuan atau maksud. Maka dibutuhkan to infinitive prhase.
Sehingga pilihan phrase yang tepat untuk mengisi rumpang tersebut adalah to meet.
1. Jawab : (C) To meet
Keyword : the demands of aerospace
Pembahasan : Pola infinitive phrase: to infinitive + object of to infinitive
Kalimat tersebut menyatakan tujuan atau maksud. Maka dibutuhkan to infinitive prhase.
Sehingga pilihan phrase yang tepat untuk mengisi rumpang tersebut adalah to meet.
2. Jawab
: (D) Written by
Keyword : James A. Bland
Pembahasan : Kalimat di atas membutuhkan Adjective Phrase untuk menerangkan kata benda “Carry Me Back to Old Virginny”.
Frasa ajektif yang paling tepat adalah Written by. Mengapa disebut frasa ajektif, karea past participle (v3) yang tidak ditemani bentuk be atau have adalah sebuah ajektif.
Keyword : James A. Bland
Pembahasan : Kalimat di atas membutuhkan Adjective Phrase untuk menerangkan kata benda “Carry Me Back to Old Virginny”.
Frasa ajektif yang paling tepat adalah Written by. Mengapa disebut frasa ajektif, karea past participle (v3) yang tidak ditemani bentuk be atau have adalah sebuah ajektif.
3. Jawab
: (D) a popular soprano
in
Keyword : Mary Garden
Pembahasan : Kalimat pada soal membutuhkan Appositive Phrase. Mary Garden dan appositive phrase (a popular soprano) memiliki makna yang sama. Maka jawaban yang tepat adalah a popular soprano in.
Keyword : Mary Garden
Pembahasan : Kalimat pada soal membutuhkan Appositive Phrase. Mary Garden dan appositive phrase (a popular soprano) memiliki makna yang sama. Maka jawaban yang tepat adalah a popular soprano in.
4. Jawab
: (B) Who believed
Keyword : a dualist
Pembahasan : Pola adjective clause : (Conj. + S + V).
Untuk menerangkan kata benda a dualist maka klausa yang tepat adalah who believed.
Keyword : a dualist
Pembahasan : Pola adjective clause : (Conj. + S + V).
Untuk menerangkan kata benda a dualist maka klausa yang tepat adalah who believed.
B. Written Expression
16. Jawab : (B) a nearly
Keyword : hundred large stumps
Pembahasan : a nearly -> nearly
Kata “a nearly” tidak memerlukan indefinite article/determiner “a”, karena kata benda stumps adalah plural.
16. Jawab : (B) a nearly
Keyword : hundred large stumps
Pembahasan : a nearly -> nearly
Kata “a nearly” tidak memerlukan indefinite article/determiner “a”, karena kata benda stumps adalah plural.
17. Jawab
: (B) The more
Keyword : the planet Mars
Pembahasan : the more -> more
Pola comparative: more ___ than ___
Maka seharusnya tidak perlu definite article “the” tapi cukup “more” saja.
Keyword : the planet Mars
Pembahasan : the more -> more
Pola comparative: more ___ than ___
Maka seharusnya tidak perlu definite article “the” tapi cukup “more” saja.
18. Jawab
: (B) visible remains
Keyword : the sun
Pembahasan : visible remains -> remains visible
Kata the sun dalam anak kalimat di atas memerlukan predicate bukan noun phrase (visible remains). Yang tepat seharusnya remains visible.
Keyword : the sun
Pembahasan : visible remains -> remains visible
Kata the sun dalam anak kalimat di atas memerlukan predicate bukan noun phrase (visible remains). Yang tepat seharusnya remains visible.
19. Jawab
: (D) farmer
Keyword : and
Pembahasan : farmer -> farming
Konjungsi and digunakan untuk menghubungkan kelas kata yang sederajat. Karena sebelum “and” bentuk katanya adalah gerund maka kata farmer seharusnya diubah dalam bentuk gerund juga yaitu farming.
Keyword : and
Pembahasan : farmer -> farming
Konjungsi and digunakan untuk menghubungkan kelas kata yang sederajat. Karena sebelum “and” bentuk katanya adalah gerund maka kata farmer seharusnya diubah dalam bentuk gerund juga yaitu farming.
SUMBER :
Johan
H.F and Anne Juwita. 2009. Smart Way To Foefl. General Cerdas : Jakarta.
